A) General Blood tests Panel

1. CBC (Complete Blood Count)

→Why this test is done: To checks the overall blood health of patient and detects anemia, infections, vitamin/mineral deficiencies, bleeding/clotting problems, and even crirical desiese like blood cancers like leukemia.
→Normal Range:
→Hemoglobin: 13–17 g/dL (men), 12–15 g/dL (women)
→WBC: 4,000–11,000 /µL
→Platelets: 1.5–4.5 lakh /µL
→Cost: ₹300–₹500 (USD $5–$8)
→Fasting required? Nope
→Does it hurt? Just a small needle prick for a second. (You should be a little scared if you are scared of needles or injections )
→Report time: 4–6 hours

CBC Blood tests (Complete Blood Count) Panel Table

Test Name	What it Detects	Normal Range	Fasting Required	Cost (INR/USD)
RBC Count	Anemia, blood loss, dehydration	Men: 4.7–6.1 million/µLWomen: 4.2–5.4	No	₹300–₹500 / $5–$8
WBC Count	Infections, immune status	Men: 4.7–6.1 million/µL Women: 4.2–5.4	No	Included in CBC
Hemoglobin (Hb)	Anemia, blood oxygen-carrying capacity	4,000–11,000/µL /µL	No	Included in CBC
Hematocrit (PCV)	Proportion of RBCs in blood volume	Men: 13–17 g/dL Women: 12–15 g/dL	No	Included in CBC
Platelet Count	Clotting ability, dengue, bleeding disorders	Men: 40–50% Women: 35–45%	No	Included in CBC
MCV, MCH, MCHC	RBC size & hemoglobin content	1.5–4.5 lakh/µL /µL	No	Included in CBC
RDW	RBC size variation	11.5–14.5%	No	Included in CBC
Differential WBC Count	Immune cell types: Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, etc.	MCV: 80–100 fl MCH: 27–33 pg	No	Included in CBC

2. ESR Blood tests (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)

→Why this test is done: This blood test is done to detect inflammation or infection in our body. Can detect desiese like tuberculosis, arthritis, autoimmune diseases or chronic infections.
→Normal Range:
Men: <15 mm/hr
Women: <20 mm/hr
→Cost: ₹250–₹400 (USD $4–$6)
→Fasting required? No
→Does it hurt? You should be a little scared if you are scared of needles or injections
→Report time: 4–5 hours

3. CRP Blood tests (C-Reactive Protein)

· Why this test is done: CRP levels increase with infection, injury, and inflammation in the body.
· Normal Range: <3 mg/L
· Cost: ₹500–₹800 (USD $7–$10)
· Fasting required? No
· Does it hurt? No
·Report time: Same day (4–6 hours)

4. Blood Grouping & Cross-Matching

· Why this test is done: It’s a basic blood test to identify your blood group, important for surgeries and blood donation.

· Normal Range: A, B, AB, O; Rh positive or negative
· Cost: ₹150–₹300 (USD $3–$5)
· Fasting required? No
· Does it hurt? Only a quick needle prick; it’s over instantly.
→Report time: 1–2 hours

Facts: there are some rare blood groups that exist around us

1. Rh-null, also called Golden Blood:
Extremely rare (fewer than 50 people worldwide). They can donate blood to anyone but receive only from another Rh-null.
· 2. Bombay Blood Group:
– Found mainly in India (approx. 1 in 10,000 in Mumbai).
– Cannot receive blood from any ABO group; can only receive from the same group.
· 3. Kell null (K0):
– Lacks all Kell system antigens.
– Very rare and mostly found through advanced screening.

· 4. Diego, Duffy, Lutheran, and other rare antigens:
Rare antigen groups are found in certain ethnicities worldwide.

B) Liver & Metabolic Tests

1. LFT Blood tests (Liver Function Test)

→Why this test is done: This Blood tests is done to detects liver infections, jaundice, fatty liver, alcohol damage and bile duct issues.
→Normal Range:
Bilirubin <1.2 mg/dL
SGPT/ALT <40 U/L
SGOT/AST <40 U/L
ALP 40–129 U/L
→Cost: ₹600–₹1,000 (USD $8–$15)
→Fasting required? Yes (8–10 hours)
→Does it hurt? You should be a little scared if you are scared of needles or injections .
→Report time: Same day

LFT (Liver Function Test) Panel Table

Test Name	What it Detects	Normal Range	Fasting Required	Cost (INR/USD)
Total Bilirubin	Jaundice, liver inflammation	<1.2 mg/dL	Yes (8–10 hrs)	₹600–₹1,000 / $8–$15
Direct & Indirect Bilirubin	Liver vs. blood breakdown source	Direct: <0.3 mg/dLIndirect: <0.8 mg/dL	Yes	Included in LFT
SGPT (ALT)	Liver cell damage	<40 U/L	Yes	Included in LFT
SGOT (AST)	Liver, heart, muscle injury	<40 U/L	Yes	Included in LFT
ALP	Bile duct issues, bone disorders	40–129 U/L	Yes	Included in LFT
GGT (optional)	Alcohol use, liver obstruction	9–48 U/L	Yes	₹400–₹700 / $6–$10
Albumin	Liver function, protein status	3.4–5.4 g/dL	Yes	Included in LFT
Total Protein	Nutritional & liver health	6–8.3 g/dL	Yes	Included in LFT
A/G Ratio (Albumin/Globulin)	Protein balance	1.2–2.2	Yes	Included in LFT

2. Serum Ammonia

· Why this test is done: This blood test is done to detect liver failure and cirrhosis.
· Normal Range: 15–45 µg/dL
· Cost: ₹700–₹1,200 (USD $10–$17)
· Fasting required? Yes (8–10 hours)
· Does it hurt? Less than a breakup.
→Report time: 15 minutes

3. Serum Copper & Ceruloplasmin

→Why this test is done: To detects Wilson’s disease and copper metabolism disorders.
→Normal Range:
Copper 80–155 µg/dL
Ceruloplasmin 20–35 mg/dL
→Cost: ₹1,500–₹2,500 (USD $20–$35)
→Fasting required? No
→Does it hurt? ahh less then Breakup.
→Report time: 1–2 days

4. Serum Albumin & Total Protein

· Why this test is done: This blood test is done to detect malnutrition, liver, or kidney problems.
· Normal Range: 6–8 g/dL
· Cost: ₹300–₹500 (USD $5–$8)
· Fasting required? No
· Does it hurt? You should be a little scared if you are scared of needles or injections .
· Report time: Same day

C) Kidney & Electrolytes

1. KFT Blood tests (Kidney Function Test)

→Why this test is done: It is necessery to dignose kidney disease, dehydration, and high BP complications.
→Normal Range:
Urea 15–40 mg/dL
Creatinine 0.6–1.2 mg/dL
Uric acid 3.5–7.2 mg/dL
→Cost: ₹600–₹1,000 (USD $8–$15)
→Fasting required? Yes (8 hours)
→Does it hurt? Nope.
→Report time: Same day

KFT (Kidney Function Test) Panel Table

Test Name	What it Detects	Normal Range	Fasting Required	Cost (INR/USD)
Blood Urea	Kidney function, protein breakdown	15–40 mg/dL	Yes (8 hrs)	₹600–₹1,000 / $8–$15
Serum Creatinine	Kidney filtering ability	0.6–1.2 mg/dL	Yes	Included in KFT
Uric Acid	Gout, kidney stones	Men: 3.5–7.2 mg/dLWomen: 2.6–6.0	Yes	Included in KFT
BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)	Kidney health, protein metabolism	7–20 mg/dL	Yes	Included in KFT
Electrolytes (sometimes separate)	Sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate	Men: 3.5–7.2 mg/dL Women: 2.6–6.0	/ (depends)	₹500–₹800 / $7–$12

2. Electrolyte Panel

→Why this test is done: It is necessery to dignose dehydration, heart rhythm issues, nerve problems.
→Normal Range:
Sodium 135–145 mEq/L
Potassium 3.5–5.0 mEq/L
Chloride 96–106 mEq/L
Bicarbonate 22–28 mEq/L
→Cost: ₹500–₹800 (USD $7–$12)
→Fasting required? No
→Does it hurt? Naa.
→Report time: Same day

3. Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus

→Why this test is done: This blood test is done to detect bone health issues, muscle cramps, kidney problems.
→Normal Range:
Calcium 8.5–10.5 mg/dL
Magnesium 1.7–2.2 mg/dL
Phosphorus 2.5–4.5 mg/dL
→Cost: ₹400–₹700 (USD $6–$10)
→Fasting required? Yes (8 hours)
→Does it hurt? Barely felt.
→Report time: Same day

D) Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome

1. Fasting & Postprandial Blood Sugar

→Why this test is done: This blood test is done to detect diabetes mellitus.
→Normal Range:
Fasting 70–99 mg/dL
Post-meal <140 mg/dL
Prediabetic 100-125
Diabetic 125
→Cost: ₹200–₹400 (USD $3–$6)
→Fasting required? Yes (fasting sample)
→Does it hurt? Just a finger prick.
→Report time: Same day

2. HbA1c Blood Tests (Glycosylated Hemoglobin)

· Why this test is done: To check average blood sugar levels of the last 3-4 months.
· Normal Range: <5.7% (diabetes >6.5%)
· Cost: ₹500–₹900 (USD $7–$12)
· Fasting required? No
· Does it hurt? Nope.
· Report time: Same day

3. Insulin & C-Peptide

· Why this test is done: It is used to diagnose the type of diabetes (Type 1/Type 2) and insulin resistance.
· Normal Range: Fasting Insulin 2–25 µIU/mL
· Cost: ₹800–₹1,500 (USD $12–$20)
· Fasting required? Yes (8 hours)
· Does it hurt? Not painful.
· Report time: 1 day

Lipid Profile Panel Table

Sub-Test	Normal Range	Fasting Required	Cost (INR/USD)
Total Cholesterol	<200 mg/dL	Yes (9–12 hrs)	₹600–₹1,000 / $8–$15
LDL (Bad cholesterol)	<100 mg/dL	Yes	Included in Lipid Profile
HDL (Good cholesterol)	>40 mg/dL (men)>50 mg/dL (women)	Yes	Included in Lipid Profile
Triglycerides	<150 mg/dL	Yes	Included in Lipid Profile

E) Vitamins & Minerals

1. Vitamin D, B12, Folate

→Why this test is done: To detects several things like bone weakness, fatigue, nerve damage, anemia and immunity problems.
Normal Range:
Vitamin D 30–100 ng/mL
Vitamin B12 200–900 pg/mL
Folate 2–20 ng/mL
→Cost: ₹800–₹1,500 (USD $12–$20 each test)
→Fasting required? No
→Does it hurt? Aaa nothing to worry about i think.
→Report time: Same day

2. Iron Studies (Serum Iron, Ferritin, TIBC, Transferrin)

→Why this test is done: This blood test is done to detect iron deficiency anemia or iron overload. (We found out from this test that Tony Stark is Iron Man )
→Normal Range:
Serum Iron 60–170 µg/dL
Ferritin 12–300 ng/mL
TIBC 240–450 µg/dL
→Cost: ₹900–₹1,600 (USD $13–$22)
→Fasting required? Yes (8 hours)
→Does it hurt? Less then a Breakup.
→Report time: Same day

F) Cardiac Markers

1. Troponin-I, Troponin-T

· Why this test is done: To confirm a heart attack.
· Normal Range: <0.04 ng/mL
· Cost: ₹800–₹1,200 (USD $10–$18)
· Fasting required? No
· Does it hurt? Nothing major.
· Report time: 1–2 hours

2. CK-MB

· Why this test is done: to detect heart muscle injury.
· Normal Range: <5 ng/mL
· Cost: ₹600–₹1,000 (USD $8–$15)
· Fasting required? No
· Does it hurt? Tolerable.
→Report time: Same day

3. BNP/NT-proBNP

· Why this test is done: to detect heart failure.
· Normal Range: <100 pg/mL
· Cost: ₹1,000–₹1,500 (USD $14–$20)
· Fasting required? No
· Does it hurt? Naa.
→Report time: Same day

G) Infectious Disease Panels

→Dengue NS1, IgM, IgG: Dignose dengue fever
Cost: ₹600–₹1,200 (USD $10–$18),
Fasting: No,
Pain: A little,
Report: 1 day

→Malaria Parasite/Antigen: To detects malaria
Cost: ₹300–₹500 (USD $5–$8),
Fasting: No,
Pain: Naa,
Report: Same day

→Typhoid (Widal/Typhidot): To detects typhoid
Cost: ₹300–₹700 (USD $5–$10),
Fasting: No,
Pain: No,
Report: 1 day

→HIV I & II: Detects HIV
Cost: ₹400–₹1,000 (USD $6–$15),
Fasting: No,
Pain: Less then a Breakup,
Report: 2 days

→HBsAg (Hepatitis B), Anti-HCV: Detects hepatitis B & C
Cost: ₹400–₹1,200 (USD $6–$18),
Fasting: No,
Pain: Less,
Report: 1–2 days

→COVID-19 PCR/Antigen: Detects COVID-19
Cost: ₹400–₹800 (USD $6–$10),
Fasting: No,
Pain: Slightly uncomfortable,
Report: Same day

H) Autoimmune & Allergy Test

→ANA, Anti-dsDNA: Dignose autoimmune diseases like lupus
Cost: ₹1,000–₹2,000 (USD $15–$25),
Fasting: No,
Pain: Small prick,
Report: 2–3 days

→Rheumatoid Factor (RF): Dignose rheumatoid arthritis
Cost: ₹400–₹800 (USD $6–$12),
Fasting: No,
Pain: Mild prick,
Report: 1 day

→Anti-CCP: to Confirms rheumatoid arthritis
Cost: ₹1,200–₹1,800 (USD $16–$22),
Fasting: No,
Pain: Nope,
Report: 1 day

→Serum IgE: Detects allergies
Cost: ₹500–₹900 (USD $7–$12),
Fasting: No,
Pain: Tiny prick,
Report: Same day

I) Tumor Markers (Cancer Tests)

→AFP: Dignose liver cancer (<10 ng/mL)
Cost: ₹800–₹1,200 (USD $10–$18),
Fasting: No,
Pain: No,
Report: 2–3 days

→PSA: Recognise prostate cancer (<4 ng/mL)
Cost: ₹700–₹1,100 (USD $9–$16),
Fasting: No,
Pain: No,
Report: 2–3 days

→CA-125: Dignose ovarian cancer (<35 U/mL)
Cost: ₹1,000–₹1,500 (USD $14–$20),
Fasting: No,
Pain: Mild prick,
Report: 2–3 days

→CA 19-9: Dignose pancreatic cancer (<37 U/mL)
Cost: ₹1,200–₹1,800 (USD $16–$22),
Fasting: No,
Pain: Mild prick,
Report: 2–3 days

→CEA: Distinguish colon and stomach cancer (<3 ng/mL)
Cost: ₹800–₹1,400 (USD $11–$19),
Fasting: No,
Pain: Mild prick,
Report: 2–3 days

J) Blood Gases & Other Tests

→Arterial Blood Gas (ABG): To Detect oxygen & carbon dioxide levels in Blood.
Cost: ₹600–₹1,000 (USD $8–$15),
Fasting: No,
Pain: Arterial prick can be slightly more uncomfortable but lasts seconds,
Report: 1–2 hours

→Lactate: Detects infections & oxygen deficiency (0.5–2.2 mmol/L)
Cost: ₹400–₹700 (USD $6–$10),
Fasting: No,
Pain: Mild prick,
Report: Same day

→Homocysteine: Detects heart disease & vitamin deficiency risk (5–15 µmol/L)
Cost: ₹800–₹1,200 (USD $12–$18),
Fasting: Yes (8 hours),
Pain: Mild prick,
Report: 1 day

Blood Gases & Others – ABG Parameters Table

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)

Regular blood tests are one of the most effective ways to detect disease early and monitor your overall well-being. Prevention is better than cure.

Click here to read our Complete Medical Tests Guide

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विषय-सूची (Table of Contents)

परिचय

Medical tests are the most important things for disease diagnosis, treatment planning, and prevention. Without them, it’s difficult to diagnose any disease; getting tests done is necessary. Through these tests, doctors can understand the internal functions of your body, such as blood count, organ health, hormones, and infections.
In this master guide, we have divided all medical tests into 5 major categories:

1. Blood Tests
2. Urine & Stool Tests
3. Imaging & Radiology Tests
4. Hormonal & Endocrine/Metabolic Tests
5. Biopsy, Genetic & Specialized Tests
   In the categories given below, the name and purpose of each test are mentioned. If you want detailed information about a specific test, click here to Read Full Blood Tests Guide.

1. Blood Tests (Performed from samples)

Blood tests are the most common and effective way to diagnose any disease. They detect infections, organ function, nutritional deficiencies, and chronic diseases.

General Blood Panel

· CBC (Complete Blood Count): Checks the count of blood cells.

· ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate): Detects inflammation.

· CRP (C-Reactive Protein): Marker of active infection or inflammation.

· Blood Grouping & Cross-Matching: Necessary for blood transfusion.

Liver & Metabolic Tests

· LFT (Liver Function Test): Bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and Albumin levels.

· Serum Ammonia: Checks ammonia level in liver disease.

· Serum Copper & Ceruloplasmin: Detection of Wilson’s disease.

· Serum Albumin & Total Protein: Checks nutrition & liver health.

Kidney & Electrolyte Tests

· KFT (Kidney Function Test): Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid.

· Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Bicarbonate.

· Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus: For bone & muscle health.

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome

· Blood Sugar (Fasting, PP, Random): Diabetes screening (Do you know you can test Blood Sugar at home with a simple Glucometer?)

· HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin): 3-month sugar control.

· Insulin & C-Peptide: Checks insulin production.

Vitamins & Minerals

· Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, and Folate: Detect deficiencies.

· Iron Studies: Serum Iron, Ferritin, TIBC, Transferrin.

Cardiac Markers

· Troponin I & T: Heart attack detection.

· CK-MB: Marker of cardiac muscle damage.

· BNP / NT-proBNP: Marker for heart failure.

Infectious Disease Panels

· Dengue NS1, IgM, IgG

· Malaria Parasite & Antigen

· Typhoid (Widal, Typhidot)

· HIV I & II

· Hepatitis B (HBsAg), HCV Antibody

· COVID-19 Antigen / PCR (Do you know you can test COVID-19 at home with a simple COVID-19 kit?)

Autoimmune & Allergy Tests

· ANA, Anti-dsDNA: Detect autoimmune disease.

· Rheumatoid Factor (RF), Anti-CCP: Checks for arthritis.

· Serum IgE: For allergy.

Tumor Markers (Cancer)

· AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein): Liver cancer.

· PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen): Prostate cancer.

· CA-125: Ovarian cancer.

· CEA (colon cancer), CA 19-9 (pancreatic cancer).

Blood Gases & Others

· Arterial Blood Gas (ABG): Oxygen & CO₂ level.

· Lactate: Marker for sepsis or tissue hypoxia.

· Homocysteine: Cardiac risk factor.

Read Full Blood Tests Guide →

2. Urine & Stool Tests

Urine & stool tests detect infections, kidney diseases, digestive problems, and GI tract issues.

Urine Tests

· Routine Urine Test: Physical, chemical & microscopy.

· Urine Culture & Sensitivity: Detection of bacterial infection.

· Microalbuminuria: Early marker of kidney disease (Do you know you can test Microalbuminuria at home with a simple urine dipstick kit?)

· 24-hour Urine Protein: Checks kidney function.

· Urine Pregnancy Test (hCG): Pregnancy detection (Do you know you can test Pregnancy at home with a simple Pregnancy kit?)

· Drug Screening (Toxicology): Drug levels in urine (Do you know you can do Drug Screening at home with a simple Drug Screening kit?)

Stool Tests

· Stool Routine & Microscopy: Parasites or infections.

· Stool Occult Blood (FOBT): To detect GI bleeding.

· Stool Culture & Sensitivity: Bacterial infection.

· Stool for Ova & Parasites: Worm infestation.

· Fecal Calprotectin: Marker for inflammatory bowel disease.

Read Full Urine & Stool Tests Guide →

3. Imaging & Radiology Tests

Imaging tests provide images of the body’s organs, which are useful for diagnosis and treatment.

Basic Imaging

· X-ray (Chest, Bones, Abdomen)

· Ultrasound (Abdomen, Pelvis, Doppler)

Advanced Imaging

· CT Scan (Plain & Contrast)

· MRI (Brain, Spine, Joints, Abdomen)

· PET Scan (Cancer staging)

· Mammography (Breast screening)

· Bone Densitometry (DEXA)

Cardiac Imaging

· Echocardiography (Heart)

· ECG (Electrocardiogram)

· Treadmill Stress Test (TMT)

Special Imaging

· Barium Studies (Meal, Enema)

· IVP (Intravenous Pyelogram)

· HSG (Hysterosalpingography)

Read Full Imaging & Radiology Tests Guide →

4. Hormonal & Endocrine/Metabolic Tests

Thyroid

· TSH, Free T3, Free T4

· Thyroid Antibodies (Anti-TPO, Anti-Tg)

Reproductive Hormones

· FSH, LH

· Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone

· Prolactin

· AMH (Anti-Müllerian Hormone)

Adrenal & Pituitary

· Cortisol (Morning/Evening)

· ACTH

· Growth Hormone (GH, IGF-1)

Calcium & Bone

· PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

· Vitamin D (also in Blood Panel)

Read Full Hormonal Tests Guide →

5. Biopsy, Genetic & Specialized Tests

· Tissue Biopsy (Liver, Kidney, Skin, Lymph Node)

· FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology)

· Bone Marrow Aspiration & Biopsy

· Pap Smear (Cervical Screening)

· Genetic Testing (DNA, Chromosome, BRCA1/2)

· Newborn Screening (PKU, Congenital Hypothyroidism)

· Drug Level Monitoring (Lithium, Phenytoin)

· Flow Cytometry (Leukemia diagnosis)

· Immunofixation Electrophoresis (Multiple Myeloma)

Read Full Specialized Tests Guide →

निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)

Getting medical tests done on time is very important for the early diagnosis of diseases. By clicking on Read Full Blood Tests Guide →, you will get details about each test—including normal values, preparation, and procedure.